CORNEAL DISEASE
The term “corneal disease” covers the variety of conditions that affect the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. The cornea can often repair itself after injury or disease, but more serious conditions — infections, degenerative diseases, deterioration — need treatment.
What is corneal disease?
The term “corneal disease” refers to a variety of conditions that affect mainly the cornea. These include infections, degenerations, and many other disorders that may arise mostly as a result of heredity.
What is the cornea?
Along with the sclera (white of the eye), the cornea serves as a barrier against dirt, germs and other particles that can harm the eye’s delicate components. The cornea also filters out some amounts of the sun’s ultraviolet light.
The cornea also plays a key role in vision. As light enters the eye, it’s refracted, or bent, by the outside shape of the cornea. The curvature of this outer layer helps determine how well your eye can focus on objects close up and far away. If the cornea becomes damaged through disease, infection or injury, the resulting scars or discoloration can interfere with vision by blocking or distorting light as it enters the eye.
The three main layers of the cornea are:
- Epithelium: The most superficial layer of the cornea, the epithelium stops outside matter from entering the eye. This layer also absorbs oxygen and nutrients from tears.
- Stroma: The stroma is the thickest layer of the cornea and is found behind the epithelium. It is made up mostly of water and proteins that give it an elastic but solid form.
- Endothelium: The endothelium is a single layer of cells located between the stroma and the aqueous humor, the clear fluid found in the front of the eye. The endothelium works as a pump, expelling excess water as it is absorbed into the stroma. Without this specialized function, the stroma could become waterlogged and hazy and opaque in appearance, also reducing vision.
Symptoms and Causes
What are the symptoms of corneal conditions?
With its ability for quick repair, the cornea usually heals after most injury or disease. However, when there is deep injury to the cornea, the healing process may be prolonged, possibly resulting in a variety of symptoms, including:
- Pain.
- Blurred vision.
- Tearing.
- Redness.
- Extreme sensitivity to light.
- Corneal scarring.
If you experience any of these symptoms, make an appointment to see an ophthalmologist (eye doctor). They may find a more serious problem or a condition that requires special treatment.
What conditions can damage the cornea?
Keratitis
This is an inflammation of the cornea that sometimes occurs with infection after bacteria or fungi enter the cornea. These microorganisms can enter the eye after deep injury, causing infection, inflammation and ulceration of the cornea. Though uncommon, this type of infection can also arise after injury from wearing contact lenses.
Symptoms of keratitis include:
- Severe pain.
- Reduced visual clarity.
- Corneal discharge.
- Light sensitivity.
Treatment usually includes antibiotic or antifungal eye drops.
Ocular herpes (herpes of the eye)
This is a viral infection of the eye that may reoccur (return). The main cause of ocular herpes is the herpes simplex virus I (HSV I). This is the same virus that causes cold sores, but ocular herpes can also result from the sexually transmitted herpes simplex II virus (HSV II) that causes genital herpes.
Ocular herpes produces sores on the surface of the cornea that can lead to scarring and reduced vision. The inflammation can spread deeper into the cornea and eye.
There is no cure for ocular herpes, but it can often be controlled with the use of antiviral drugs.
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Shingles is a recurrence (return) of the chickenpox virus in people who have already had the disease. After the bout of chickenpox, this virus usually remains inactive within the nerves of the body. It can later travel down these nerves, infecting specific parts of the body, like the eye. Herpes zoster can cause blisters or lesions on the cornea, fever and pain from affected nerve fibers.
Corneal lesions usually heal by themselves, but antiviral treatment may shorten the course of disease. Some people develop chronic inflammation of the cornea after shingles requiring use of long-term eye drops, or less commonly, corneal surgery.
Shingles can occur in anyone exposed to the chickenpox virus, but there’s an increased risk in older adults (especially those over age 65) and people with a weakened immune system.
See your ophthalmologist if you have any symptoms of shingles near or in the eye.
Corneal dystrophies
There are more than 20 corneal dystrophies, diseases that cause structural problems with the cornea. Some of the most common are:
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a progressive disease in which the cornea thins and changes shape. Keratoconus changes the curvature of the cornea, creating either mild or severe distortion, called irregular astigmatism and usually nearsightedness. Keratoconus may also cause swelling and scarring of the cornea and vision loss.
Causes of keratoconus include:
- Genetics (a person can inherit a tendency to get the condition from a parent).
- Eye trauma (for example, from rubbing your eyes or long-term use of hard contacts).
- Eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, retinopathy of prematurity; allergic conditions such as hay fever, eczema and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
- Other diseases, like Down syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Addison’s disease, Leber’s congenital amaurosis and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
At first, the condition is correctable with glasses or soft contact lenses. But, as the disease progresses, you may need to wear rigid gas permeable contact lenses.
A corneal transplantation may also be necessary. During this procedure, the damaged cornea is replaced with a donated cornea. This operation is successful in about nine out of 10 people with advanced keratoconus. Even after a transplant, you most likely will need glasses or contact lenses to see clearly.
Corneal crosslinking is a newer treatment for keratoconus which uses a special type of ultraviolet light to activate riboflavin eye drops placed on the cornea. This can stabilize the cornea and slow the progression of disease. Your doctor may recommend an evaluation for this treatment if you are a candidate for this therapy.
Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy
Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy is a corneal condition which causes abnormal folds and reduplications of the epithelium, the outermost layer of the cornea. The effects of these changes are patterns in the cornea that resemble maps, dots and small fingerprints.
Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy usually affects adults between the ages of 40 and 70, or children as a result of heredity. It is usually painless and causes no vision loss. In some cases, however, epithelial erosions may occur. Epithelial erosions are spontaneous corneal abrasions that occur, exposing the nerves lining the cornea and causing severe pain. The cornea’s normal curvature may be altered, causing astigmatism and nearsightedness.
As the cornea is altered, vision may be blurry and accompanied by:
- Moderate to severe pain.
- Increased sensitivity to light.
- Excessive tearing.
- A feeling that something is in your eye.
Most patients with this condition require no treatment. If erosions are occurring, they may be managed with topical lubricating ointments, special contact lenses or a minor surgical procedure to debride (remove) the abnormal surface tissue.
Fuch’s dystrophy
Fuch’s dystrophy is a gradual deterioration of the innermost layer of the cornea, the corneal endothelium. This layer acts as a fluid pump to remove excess water from the cornea, maintaining corneal clarity.
As these cells weaken over time, the cornea may swell causing blurred vision. In the advanced stages of this condition, haze and small blisters on the corneal surface may appear, causing pain and irritation.
A slowly progressing disease, the earliest signs of Fuch’s dystrophy may be visible in patients in their 30s and 40s. However, the disease doesn’t normally affect vision until about 20 years later. It is more common in women than men.
Some patients with Fuch’s dystrophy experience blurred vision in the morning that gradually clears up during the day. As the disease worsens, swelling becomes more consistent and vision may be blurry at all times.
Treatment includes:
- Observation for the early stages of the condition.
- Ointments and eye drops for mildly symptomatic patients.
- Corneal transplant surgery when the vision is significantly impaired or chronic pain is present. This type of corneal transplant only requires transplanting the inner lining of the cornea to restore vision. A much quicker recovery of vision occurs compared to a full thickness corneal transplant. DSEK (Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty) and DMEK (Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty) are the names of these procedures.
Lattice dystrophy
Lattice dystrophy is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein fibers throughout the stroma. Although this condition can occur at any age, early changes can be seen in childhood.
Lattice dystrophy gets its name from the clear overlapping lines of proteins in the stroma. This can make the cornea cloudy and reduce vision. In some people, these proteins may cause epithelial erosion.
Treatment of lattice dystrophy includes:
- Eye drops and ointment for symptomatic irritation.
- Corneal transplant for severe vision loss or chronic pain.
Although the early results of corneal transplantation are typically very good, lattice dystrophy may reappear in transplant patients requiring long-term treatment.
Diagnosis and Tests
How is corneal disease diagnosed?
Corneal disease can only be diagnosed after a thorough examination by an ophthalmologist
Prevention
Can corneal disease be prevented?
The risk of infectious corneal disease caused by bacteria and viruses can be reduced by protecting the eye from injury and limiting physical contact with people who have contagious forms of conjunctivitis. Avoid sharing eye makeup, contact solution, lens cases and eye drops with people who are infected. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for at least 15 seconds after contact with an infected person.
